b) calculate the unemployment rate
　The unemployment rate can be shown using the labor force population and the unemployment figures. The labor force population is a sum of the number of the employment people and the unemployment people. There for, the unemployment rate can be shown using the number of the employment people and the unemployment people.
( the unemployment rate
= the unemployment people / labor force × 100
= the unemployment people / employment people + unemployment people ×　100)
　For example, the unemployment rate of Italy in January in 1990 is 11.5. I look for this figure using the number of the employment people and the unemployment people. In 1990, the number of total employed males and females is 21100, and that of total unemployment males and females is 2735. From these figures, the unemployment rate can be calculated.
2735 / 21100 + 2735 × 100 = 11.47≒ 11.5
d) The non-cyclical unemployment rates
　There are some types of unemployment such as frictional inflation, structural inflation, cyclical inflation and so on. The non-cyclical unemployment is the same as the structural unemployment.
　Structural unemployment is caused by the labor market supply and demand unbalance and the change of the economic structure. The labor market supply and demand unbalance and the change of the economic structure cause structural unemployment. This unemployment occurs when the adjustment of the supply can not correspond if the increase and the decrease of the job offer are caused in one category of business.

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